What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page. Integrating cytotoxicity assessment with realtime biosensing by kazuko fukushima thesis submitted to the faculty of the graduate school of the university of maryland, college park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science 2004 advisory committee. This substance has been found in the following regulatory activities directly, or inheriting the regulatory context of a parent substance. In areas where vegetation structure varies greatly, structural rather than species differences may predominate in imagery. Jpg from wikimedia commons, the free media repository jump to navigation jump to search. The female strobili appear on the plants in the month of april and the mature seeds are seen in september in ephedra gerardiana. Supplements containing ephedra extracts are a popular herbal stimulant. Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in its family, ephedraceae, and. The microsporophylls are similar to the stamens of the flowering plant. Beds and borders, drought tolerant, gravel, ground cover, low maintenance, rock. Ephedra gerardiana in kew science plants of the world online. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. This page was last edited on 11 november 2015, at 20. Ephedra gerardiana ephedraceae, occurring in the himalayan ranges, is an important plant species used in tibetan medicine.
Due to the lack of molecular markers to characterize genetic diversity, knowledge for conservation and uses of e. Kibber lies in a narrow valley on the summit of a limestone rock. Irs 1c1d lissiii fcc has been used for stratification of ephedra gerardiana in complex terrain conditions of lahul and spiti district porwal et al. Ephedra might also cause cardiac arrhythmia due to adrenergic effects that shorten the cardiac refractory period, causing reentrant arrhythmias 6486. The major objective of the present study was isolation and characterization of antimicrobial components. Ephedra is an evolutionally isolated group and is the only genus in the order ephedrales. Isolation of antibacterial compounds from quercus dilatata. Some asian species have been used as a source of the stimulant ephedrine, and many are important in. It has many branched stems, straight branches and minute leaves, reduced to twotoothed sheaths or covering. Chemical composition of various ephedra species ncbi. Unless otherwise noted all references are to duke, james a. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Various species of ephedra mahuang ephedraceae are used as a source of the alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which may also be prepared by synthesis. The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content tac, total phenolics content tpc, and total flavonoids content tfc and determine their.
Pdf chemical composition of various ephedra species. Cheng, accepted in frps but treated here as a synonym of e. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ephedra. Scientific assessment of ephedra species ephedra spp. In summary, the ephedra gerardiana root and stem extract and fraction possess antioxidant activities, which might be helpful in preventing or. Ephedrine can be produced by chemical synthesis and in its pure form. Ephedra profile ephedra ephedra sinica, also known as mahuang, is an herbal stimulant drug composed of two active compounds pseudoephedrine and ephedrine that are ingredients in many overthecounter products. Ephedra gerardiana botanischer garten, dresden, germany dsc08778. Purpose of assessment the federal office of consumer protection and food safety bvl, in collaboration with the als working party on dietary foods, nutrition and classification issues, has compiled a hit list of 10 substances, the consumption of which may pose a health risk.
Ephedra ephedras have been used at least for 5000 years in china, probably elsewhere. Ephedra equisetina is the ephedra species that contains the highest ephedrine content although that is at the high end and there is a pretty wide range. Ephedra gerardiana epegeoverview eppo global database. Which ephedra species contains the highest ephedrine. Ephedra is a low stalky shrub with jointed green to brown stems and tiny unnoticeable leaves. Best in poor to moderately fertile, sharplydrained soil in full sun. Ephedra is a gymnosperm bearing thin stems, which are woody, cylindrical and approximately 5 mm in diameter. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of gras herbs and other economic plants. Biological source it is obtained from the dried tender stems of the chinese wonder drug ma huang which is being used in the chinese systems of medicine for more than five thousand years.
The naked seeds are the features, which places ephedra with the classical group, the gymnosperms. It is a perennial small shrub composed primarily of fibrous stalks, generally about 8 inches though sometimes growing to 24 inches in. Plants profile for ephedra gerardiana gerard jointfir. Ephedraceae, also referred to as ma huang in chinese, contains species that are sources of important chinese traditional and tibetan medicines konno et al. It gives forth small yellow flowers directly from these stalks, as well as round, red, edible fruits that ripen in autumn. Ephedrine is a bronchodilator and it raises heart rate and blood pressure. It is estimated that about 84,000 hectare of forest land becomes deforested annually. Ephedra gerardiana is an evergreen shrub that can grow up to 0. Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in its family, ephedraceae, and order, ephedrales.
General information about ephedra gerardiana epege this website uses cookies our website uses cookies to ensure that we give you the best possible online experience. Ephedra gerardiana is a perennial herb with few leaves that is composed primarily of fibrous stalks. Ephedra gerardiana is an evergreen shrub growing to 0. Green ephedra is a dioecious, scraggly shrub rarely more than 60 cm to 150 cm high. The various species of ephedra are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and western south america in temperate climates, most ephedra species grow on shores or in. We would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. Pdf in india, medicinal plants have traditionally occupied an. Kibber also kyibar is a village high in the spiti valley in the himalayas at 4270 metres or 14,200 ft in himachal pradesh in northern india. Pharmacognostical and phytochemical study on the stem of ephedra gerardiana article pdf available january 2015 with 4,250 reads how we measure reads. A small, nearly erect shrub, variable in size, but typically not exceeding a few inches in height. Ephedra gerardiana ephedrine will reach a height of 0. Besides some ornamental species, an antibiotic, ephedrine is obtained from several species of ephedra, such as e gerardiana, e. Pharmacognostical and phytochemical study on the stem of ephedra gerardiana.
The medicinal significance of ephedra is based on the sympathomimetic properties of ephedrine e alkaloids. The pure alkaloid ephedrine was first isolated and characterised by nagai in 1885. With the safety of american troops resting on its shoulders, the u. Parts used dried stems or aerial parts ephedra herba or ma huang, more rarely the roots ephedra radix. Continuing to use this website means you agree to our use of cookies. Development of microsatellite markers using illumina miseq.
The history of ephedra mahuang abstract ephedra is a chinese shrub which has been used in china for medicinal purposes for several thousand years. It is located 20 kilometres from kaza and a bus service connects them in the milder summer months. This name is the accepted name of a species in the genus ephedra family ephedraceae the record derives from wcsp data supplied on 20120323 which reports it as an accepted name record 332937 with original publication details. Here you can find all of the regulations and regulatory lists in which this substance appears, according to the data available to echa. Ephedra commonly known as joint pine, joint fir, mormon tea or brigham tea is the only genus in family ephedraceae and order ephedrales. Share your knowledge share your word file share your pdf file share your ppt file. Origin china e sinica used for more than 4 000 years. Beverage made with the ephedra plant have been referred to under many names, e. It contains a monastery and the kibber wildlife sanctuary. We do not use these to store personal information about you. The chinese and indian species were to become a major commercial source of the ephedrine alkaloids and would in time be shipped all. Pharmacological effects depend on the phytocomposition of individual ephedra species. Ephedra gerardiana ma huang, gerard jointfir pfaf plant.
The species is dioecious individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required. Foxit software is the reliable source for fast, affordable, and secure pdf solutions. It is a very slow growing tufted shrub with numerous densely clustered erect jointed branches arising in the form of whorls. Role of forest on climate change adaptation 3 the study. The fda regulates ephedrine, the synthesized form of ephedra. It is the source of ephedrine alkaloids and has an extremely long history of use in china. Ephedra, genus of 65 species of gymnosperm shrubs of the family ephedraceae. It is a perennial small shrub composed primarily of fibrous stalks, generally about 8 inches though sometimes growing to 24 inches in height, with small, yellow flowers. Ephedrine is effective in treating asthma, bronchitis, cough and hayfever. Ephedra is the largest and most widely distributed genus in the gnetopsida. Somlata ephedra gerardiana uses, health benefits, dosage, medicinal properties botanical name. Meaning, reproduction and economic importance gnetales.
The results can also be downloaded as a csv file unicode utf8 encoding see status, confidence level, source for definitions. The board of trustees of the royal botanic gardens, kew. Ephedra gerardiana in world checklist of selected plant families. It was then forgotten until it was rediscovered by chen and schmidt in the early 1920s. Among these are the chinese species ephedra sinica and e. Beri rm 1965 a note on cultivation and utilisation of ephedra gerardiana wall. Four medicinal plants chrozophora hierosolymitana spreng, chrysanthemum leucanthemum l. A high altitude plant used to treat altitude sickness ephedra is the source of the drug ephedrine, and it has been used in chinese medicine to treat respiratory complaints since at least 5000 bc. Ephedraceae is an evergreen xerophytic shrub and is.
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